health risks associated with smoking cigarettes Cigarette | Smoking and Tobacco Use Health Effects of Smoking on

For ever-smoking, 105 studies were initially identified, but many of them were excluded in the final analysis for several reasons: risk estimates with precision information (e.g., standard error, 95% confidence interval [CI]) were not available, the classification for smoking was different than never, former, and current smokers (53 studies), and multiple results were reported from the same study population (13 studies)

The model was also adjusted for total smoking exposure (PY) when it was not used to define smoker subgroups

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It can contain harmful and potentially harmful substances, including nicotine, heavy metals like lead, volatile organic compounds and cancer-causing agents

However, that's not known for sure, and their impact on oral health is particularly unclear, Spindle said